Safri Ishak
Version 14-SEP-2010
Safri Ishak |
Pulang Kampung ke Muntok (Bangka) 12-16-MAR-2010 Hampir dua bulan kami menyusun rencana untuk pulang kampung pada tanggal 12 s/d 16 Maret 2010. Seperti tahun lalu tepatnya bulan Maret 2009, tujuan kami pulang kampung tahun ini adalah untuk ketemu dengan adik adik dan famili di kampung, sekalian jalan jalan dan menikmati makanan khas kampung. Ada yang tidak biasa kali ini, yaitu tepat sehari sebelum berangkat kami mendapat kabar dari adik saya Noviar di Mentok bahwa Makwe Mok kakak almarhum Mak kami yang paling tua dirawat di Rumah Sakit. Waktu masih kecil saya sering dipinjam Makwe dan dibawa pulang ke rumah Makwe di Teluk Rubiah, sehingga saya sangat dekat dengan Makwe. Kami berangkat dari Jakarat sore hari, kakak saya Farida, adik kami
Rospita, Poetro suami Rospita, istri saya Erry dan saya sendiri, jadi
kami berangkat berlima. Jam tiga pagi kami mendapat berita bahwa Makwe sudah tidak ada. Sesudah shalat sunnah sebelum subuh, saya membaca ayat ayat awal surat YaaSin tidak terasa air mata meleleh di pipi mengenang Makwe. Setahun lalu kami masih sempat mengobrol tapi sekarang sudah tidak dapat bertatap muka lagi, padahal Makwe sudah sangat antusias ingin ketemu waktu mendengar kami akan datang ke Mentok. Pagi harinya sesudah sarapan kami bertujuh berangkat ke Mentok. Sampai di rumah Pakwe Mat di Teluk Rubiah, sudah banyak famili dan tetangga yang melayat, diantaranya adik kami Erman Ishak yang sudah ada disana sejak jam tiga pagi. Innalillahi wa inna Ilaihi Roji'un, semoga almarhumah Makwe diterima semua amal ibadahnya, diampuni segala dosa2nya dan dilapangkan kuburnya oleh Allah SWT, amiin. Adik kami Rospita masih sempat memandikan jenazah, sebelum masuk waktu
Lohor, jenazah di berangkatkan ke Masjid Jamik Mentok dan sesudah shalat
Lohor diselenggarakan shalat jenazah. Sambil menunggu kedatangan Paksu
Parhan adik bungsu Almarhumah, jenazah dibawa kepemakaman di daerah
Tangga Seribu. Jenazah Makwe dimakamkan tidak jauh dari makam Atok
Djalil dan Nek Tebing (nek Salmah) serta makam keluarga lainnya. Setelah Makwe Mok meninggal maka tinggal Paksu An dari lima adek beradek Mak yang saya kenal. Mula mula Pakcik Em yang berpulang, anak Pakcik yang sayai kenal diantaranya Ak Djudju, Bang Rudi Fitrianto dan Ak Yenni Rachmawati, kemudian Mak kami meninggal, disusul oleh Makyak Ot, anak Yak Ot yang saya kenal Bang Samsul. Anak Paksu An yang kami kenal antara lain Amri Parhan Jalil. Dalam kesempatan ini kami mohon dibukakan pintu maaf atas kesalahan Almarhumah Makwe kepada kawan kawan, sebab saya yakin ada diantara kita ada yang kenal dan pernah berinteraksi dengan Almarhumah.
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Photo Makwe dan Pakwe tahun 2009.  |
Sedare kami di telok biah, we mok 81 thn ayuk alm mak kami yang paleng tue, tetangga mak we ibu meriam, pak we mat 93 thn suami mak we semoge sehat dan selalu dalam lindunganNYA. Dari lima bersaudara, tinggal Mak We (sulung) dan Paksu Parhan Djalil (bungsu), Mak We di Mentok dan Paksu Parhan di Bandung. Picture taken by Winry Marini, Teluk Rubiah, Mentok, Bangka, 07-March-2009. Polang kampong maret 2009 Radjulaini Yusuf Safri Ishak Radjulaini Yusuf Memang Asnah teman kami itu anak pertama Safri Ishak
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Dulu Pak We sering ngambil air legen dari
pohon enau, Mak We yang masak, kalau lagi ke Teluk Rubiah, kami
suka minta air legen yang baru dimasak, enak diminum panas-panas
rasanya manis, kalau sudah hampir kental kadang-kadang Mak We memasukkan
ubi kayu inipun pastinya enak, dan kalau sudah masak cairan gula
aren dimasukkan kedalam cetakan. Pak We dan Mak We dulu jualan
gula aren, Mak We juga jualan kue ke pasar khususnya lemper. Catatan Bang Rudi Fitrianto: Kembali ke cerita Pulang Kampung, kami memakai jasa penerbangan
Mandala dan rupanya check in di Terminal 3, masih baru, saat itu
baru Mandala dan Air Asia yang menggunakannya. Menurut penilaian
saya Terminal 3 bagus, teratur dan di design untuk sebanyak mungkin
memanfaatkan cahaya alami serta memiliki fasilitas yang memadai
bagi para penumpang seperti Mushola, rumah makan dll.
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Istri saya Erry Safri. Terminal 3 Bandara Sukarno Hatta |
Adik kami Piyai sudah menunggu kedatangan kami dan dari Bandara Depati
Amir kami langsung ke rumah Piyai di Jalan Kemboja Pangkal Pinang untuk
beristirahat satu malam sebelum keesokkan harinya pergi ke Mentok. |
Empek Empek Model. Silik Firdaus bang..ni namenye "model" yg dimkn dgn kuah tekwan.mkanan dr palembang Aneka Empek Empek. |
Selesai makan empek empek,
lanjut jalan jalan di Pangkal Pinang sambil lihat lihat tempat mana
yang nanti akan
ikunjungi, waktu lewat Pasar Pembangunan dekat Bangka Trade Center
dibangun adik kami Ita minta singgah ke tempat jualan Bubur Kacang
Merah. Ada beberapa pilihan, bubur kacang merah saja, campur kacang
merah dan kacang hijau atau kacang hijau saja. Bubus kacang merah
beda dengan es kacang merah yang ada juga dijual di Jakarta, textur
bubur lebih lembut dan tentunya dihidangkan panas panas gak pakai
es. Sudah lama saya tidak makan bubur kacang merah untuk menghindari
asam urat, tapi kali ini pantangan dilanggar, pesan bubur kacang
merah "ciek" .... kakak, adik dan istri saya pilih kacang
campur, pakai nambah pula ........ he he |
Bubur Kacang Merah. |
Ingin buat bubur kacang hijau Indonesia tapi tidak ketemu kacang hijau
disupemarket tak ada salahnya kita coba bubur kacang merah atau dalam
bahasa jepang (azuki) jadi bubur kacang merah deh, disini saya tambahkan
imo (ubi) sebab dikagoshima banyak sekali ditemukan ubi jalar yang rasanya
sangat manis, kagoshima memang terkenal dengan ubinya yang enak dan harganya Disantap hangat-hangat pada saat musim dingin sangat enak bisa menghangatkan tubuh, atau disantap dingin pada saat musim panas juga seger (saat musim panas bisa ditambahkan es batu atau dimasukkan kedalam kulkas terlebih dahulu. silahkan coba.... Bahan –bahan 250 gr Kacang merah (?????)
Kalau tidak ketemu azuki saya ganti dengan an atau azuki yang udah jadi
jam (tinggal di masak hanya menambahkan air dan ubi deh) kalau pakai
an tidak memerlukan gula lagi karena rasanya sudah manis. |
Puas jajan bubur kacang merah, kami pulang ke rumah dan di rumah sudah
menunggu Cita istri Piyai, Cita baru datang dari Mentok menyusul kami,
dari Mentok ke Pangkal Pinag lewat Djebus dan Cita bawa Buah Duku Djebus,
mulamula saya tidak begitu tertarik karena sepanjang pengetahuan saya
tidak ada duku yang istimewa di Bangka, sampai saya coba makan satu
dan Subhanallah rasa buah duku Djebus ..... maknyos .... manis dan
kering tidak berair ..... baru tau saya ...... he he |
Buah Duku Jebus. |
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Ikan Kerapu Masak Tim. |
Bahan: 1/2 kg ikan kerapu
Bersihkan ikan, beri guratan pada badan ikan. Lumuri ikan dengan air
jeruk nipis, garam, dan bawang putih yang sudah dihaluskan. Untuk 4 orang ----
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Buah Tampoi dan Buah Manggis di Kampung
Kacung. |
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Kristiana Ngui Wow......, kalo di sungailiat dipanggil Kiamboi / Sonmoi
ko. Buah Sikaduduk rumah Piyai, Jalan Peltim. Batang Mentigi rumah Piyai, Jalan Peltim. Buah Keramunting rumah Piyai, Jalan Peltim. |
Kemunting atau karamunting adalah tumbuhan perdu liar yang banyak tumbuh
di tanah yang berpasir tetapi bukan dipinggir pantai. Daging buah manis dan banyak bijinya kecil-kecil. Buah keramunting yang
sudah dikumpulkan dimasukkan kedalam pincuk daun simpur dan biasa dijual
di pasar. Kalau lagi musim kadang-kadang Mak membuat selai kemunting,
tampuk buah dibuang, daging buah disaring sehingga terpisah dari biji,
ditambah air dan gula secukupnya, dimasak, setelah agak kental jadilah
selai kemunting, mirip selai strawberry gitu. |
Sore harinya jalan ke Beloh Laut, mau lihat nelayan "mokat" menjaring ikan, mencari ikan selangat dan Ketam Bakau, rupanya nelayan naik dari laut pagi hari sebelum jam sepuluh pagi. Jadi gagal melihat nelayan menjaring ikan. Dari dermaga kami meneruskan perjalan ke perkampungan nelayan dan tempat penampungan ikan, lagi lagi gagal, Ikan Selangat tidak ada dan Ketam Bakau sudah habis di kirim ke Jakarta pakai pesawat udara .... hebat .... he he Dalam perjalanan ke Beloh Laut ini kami melewati rumah Ayuk yang jualan Empek Empek Udang, tadi di rumah sudah pesan dan akan diantar jam satu siang besok. Di perkampungan nelayan ketemu pengobat lelah, para nelayan memelihara
beberapa pasang burung Ponai Pemikat yang sudah sangat jinak. Burung
burung ini digunakan untuk menggetah burung, burung pemikat di tambat
di ranting pohon, kemudian disekitarnya diletakkan ranting yang sudah
diberi getah, burung pemikat bernyanyi lalu burung liar datang menghampiri,
begitu hinggap di ranting yang sudah ada getahnya, maka kita tinggal
memungut burung yang jatuh dan lengket kena getah. |
Erry di pantai Beloh Laut. Burung Ponai Jantan. Burung Ponai Betina.
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Pulang dari Beloh Laut, mandi, istirahat dan makan malam di rumah Piyai, lupa deh apa menunya, gak sempat di photo sih .... (barusan diingatkan oleh Piyai, makan sate ayam bekal dari Jakarta) .... tapi Cita gak lupa nelpon Bibik Ida untuk besok hari Minggu datang ke rumah, biasanya hari Sabtu dan Minggu libur, biar ada yang masak ......... he he. Malamnya kami singgah ke rumah adik kami Erman arah ke Tanjung Kelian, bersilaturrahmi dan ngobrol dengan Erman dan Nani istri adik kami. Hari Minggu, bangun pagi pagi, sholat Subuh, terus jalan pagi dari rumah Piyai ke arah Peltim, masuk kompleks Peltim, terus menyusuri pantai, kebetulan air laut lagi pasang, suasana sungguh asri sebelah kiri hutan lindung, masih banyak kera, disebelah kanan pantai tempat batang bakau tumbuh, masih kelihatan ikan di air laut. Ada beberapa orang, mungkin penghuni kompleks yang jalan pagi, tetapi nampaknya hanya sedikit sekali yang memanfaatkan nikmat yang diberikan Allah ini. Sebaliknya waktu kami lewat di malam hari banyak motor dan muda mudi duduk duduk di pinggir pantai, barangkali lebih asyik daripada jalan pagi. Pulang dari pantai, jalan menanjak, waktu turun masih ketawa ketawa, waktu naik mulai ngos ngosan, rupanya istri saya jalan pake sendal jepit, sampai di rumah Piyai, lecet, untung ada Minyak Tawon, cespleng sembuh lecetnya, apalagi acara selanjutnya pergi ke pasar, beli ikan dan sarapan di kedai kopi, mungkin acara tersebut menambah motivasi sehinga lecet cepat sembuh. Dari jalan Peltim, lewat Telok Biah, terus, belok kiri ke Pasar Baru
Mentok pasar Lama dekat Mesjid Jamik, pasar yang baru lebih dekat ke
Telok Biah. Di pasar sudah ramai pedagang dan pembeli, maklum hari
Minggu, pasar sudah lebih teratur, ada los sayur, los ayam, los daging
(jaman saya kecil dulu, jual daging cuma ada pada waktu hari Raya,
jadi setahun cuma dua kali) dan favorit saya los ikan. Sebelum motret ikan saya sempat motret Ganyong, Cabek Rawit Mentok yang spesial pedasnya, Bunga Kunyit atau Kencur dan buah khusus Mentok Kabau mirip jengkol, kecil kecil buahnya, kata orang pasar Kabau sama dengan Kau Bau, kalau habis makan buah ini kamu bau .... entah iya entah tidak, dak tau saya ..... katanya sih, kalau sudah bisa makan Kabau maka jengkol, jering, jariang, petai .... lewat ..... he he
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Ganyong. Cabek Rawit. Buah Kabau, mbahnya Jengkol. Kabu masih dalam penutup buah. |
Di pasar ikan saya sempat motret ikan tudung Saji, Ika Pari Lalat
atau Pari Hantu, ikan Tudak, Ketam Bakau, ikan Selangat, ikan Gelamr,
ikan karang, ikan Semenyak, ikan Talang, ikan Perang, ikan Parang,
ikan Gelame Putih, ikan Duri, ikan Tamban dan Sotong dan lain lain. |
Ikan Tudung Saji. Ikan Pari Lalat atau Pari Hantu. Ketam Bakau. Ikan Selangat. Resep Pindang Asam ala Linda: Linda Belinyu: bang , resep e cuman air asem, kecap sikit , gula, garem , vetsin dikit ,, air e jgn banyak2 , seneng bang foto e bagus2 , thks yo jd inget di belinyu ..... Ikan Gelame. Ikan Karang. Ikan Semenyak. Ikan Talang. Doublespotted queen fish. Ebi Mei Yoepizar ikan perang untuk bumbu pantiaw atau bumbu lakso enak bangeeet .. Ikan Parang. Kepala Ikan Gelame Putih. Sotong. Ikan Duri. Ikan Tamban. Ikan Daun Berau. Ikan Kerisi Nangka dan Ikan Manyok. Ikan Tande Tande. Kepala Ikan Tenggiri. Ikan Belukang Laut. Ikan Jebung. Ikan Kapas Kapas. Ikan Untus. Ikan Lempis, kalau ukuran besar Ikan Talang. Erry dan Ita lagi lihat ikan. |
Selesai belanja ikan dan sayur, kami menuju pasar Lama, sarapan di kedai kopi khas Mentok, kueh dan makanan kecil dihidangkan semua di atas meja, seribu rupiah per potong atau per bungkus, macam macam kueh tradisional, lakse, tompek selong, ruti berut, otak otak, lontong daun simpur dll. Kita cukup pesan minuman saja, kueh dan penganan ambil sendiri dan hitung sendiri, wah kalau di Jakarta bisa berabe tuh ..... tiba tiba lupa apa yang dimakan ...... he he Habis sarapan, pulang ke rumah, ibu ibu di rumah membersihkan ikan dan sayur dari pasar, yang masak Bibik Ida sama Aak Farida, saya dak sempat lihat apa yang dimasak, tapi suaranya ramai di dapur, becakap logat Mentok asli. Sementara itu saya ikut Piyai ke pantai Paet, mau lihat nelayan mokat dan lihat batang Mentigi, batang ini tumbuhan endemik di pantai Paet, waktu saya masih kecil dulu menjelang tahun 1961, kalau lagi musim main gasing sering ke sini mengambil kayu Mentigi. Kayu Mentigi dan Kayu Pelawan bagus untuk buat Gasing, texture kayunya halus dan keras kalau sudah kering. Kata Piyai sekarang pohon Mentigi banyak dicari orang untuk pohon Bonsai, saya lihat di internet bonsai Mentigi atau Santigi harganya jutaan rupiah, mudah mudahan batang Mentigi di Pantai Paet tetap lestari. Dari rumah kami menuju pantai lewat kompleks perumahan dan perkantoran Pemda Babar (Bangka Barat), terus turun mengikuti jalan ke arah pantai, di kiri kanan jalan masih banyak pohon Serok, sepanjang yang saya tahu cuma ada di daerah Mentok dan sekitarnya, getah kulit kayu Serok gatal kalau kena tubuh. Sampai di pantai air pasang belum surut benar, sehingga baru ada satu pukat tarik dan satu pukat apung, pukat tarik jaring ditebar ke arah laut kemudian kedua ujungnya ditarik ke arah darat, kalau pukat apung jaring ditebar di laut, ikan yang terjaring dipungut satu sata, jadi operatornya cukup satu orang. Lokasi pukat tarik diseberang muara sungai, kami mencoba menyeberangi sungai tapi airnya masih dalam karena pasang belum surut benar. Lalu kami menuju ke arah pukat apung, melewati semak batang Mentigi, Alhamdulillah masih ada batang ini di pantai Paet, tapi beberapa pohon sudah mulai ada yang memotong dan menggali pangkal pohonnya. Pantai Paet menurut saya masih asri, pantai berpasir bersih, masih
ada beberapa anak sungai ber air bening dan di muaranya masih ada pohon
bakau. Kami menyapa nelayan yang lagi mokat, tanya tanya apakah sudah banyak
ikan yang dapat, katanya jaring baru ditebar sambil menunggu air surut,
dari tempat ikan ada beberapa ikan Lepat Lepat dan anak ikan Tudak,
ikan ikan ini termasuk ikan permukaan sehingga sering kena jaring pada
waktu pasang surut. Waktu pasang mereka ke arah pantai, pada waktu
surut ikut air ke arah laut, lalu kena jaring ...... |
Ikan Lepat Lepat dan Anak Ikan Tudak.  Ikan Lepat Lepat dan anak Tudak. Picture taken by Safri Ishak, March 2010. Pantai Paet Mentok Bangka. Baru dipukat pakai jaring oleh nelayan, ikan masih hidup. Omang Omang. Omang Omang dan Karang. Batang Mentigi. Muara Anak Sungai. Batang Mentigi. Bonsai Sentigi. Keindahan bonsai tak lepas dari syarat dasar tanamannya. Syarat dasar tanaman bonsai adalah memiliki batang yang keras dan berumur panjang untuk proses pembentukan. Bambang Hermanto dari Juanda Bonsai berbagi pengalaman tentang syarat dasar tanaman bonsai yang baik. Ada beberapa favorit jenis tanaman yang biasa digunakan oleh pebonsai sebagai syarat dasar tanaman bonsai. Diantaranya adalah jeruk kikit, asem jawa, beringin, dan sentigi. Dari beberapa jenis yang digunakan, sentigi mempunyai daya tahan lebih baik untuk proses pembentukan bonsai dibandingkan jenis lainnya. Pasalnya, asal tumbuhan keras ini ada di pesisir pantai dengan kondisi yang ekstrim. Faktor daya tahan yang dimiliki jenis sentigi
inilah, maka sentigi sering jadi pilihan penghobi, kolektor, dan
pembibit. Ini dikatakan
Bambang Hermanto, pemilik Juanda Bonsai di Surabaya, yang lebih menyukai
tanaman sentigi untuk dikerjakan menjadi bonsai. Ia memilih sentigi
sejak tahun 1987. Setelah merasa cocok dan berhasil mengembangkan bonsai
dari sentigi, ia pun tak bisa ke lain hati. “Sentigi punya daya
tahan yang baik dan gerakan yang bagus. Jadi, cocok dengan karakter
saya,” imbuh Bambang |
www.TB512.com was
created as facility to learn how to develop a website, TB512property has
been developed as a pilot project which consisted of advertising regarding
house, shop, townhouse, apartment and land for sale etc. TB512 is
a logo of Tebet Barat 5 No 12 South
Jakarta, Indonesia 12810 which is the address of my home as well as
my virtual office Safri Ishak telephone 021-8296762 or mobile phone
0815 1140 1617.
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My
BUSINESS Directory
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Tebet Business Directory consists
of addresses and phone numbers of favorite restaurants, traditional
markets, hotels, offices, schools, super markets, malls, automotives,
gardens, flowers, cakes, advertising, computers, salons, barber shops,
cosmetics, banks, apartments etc.Originally it was compiled for personal
purposes and then published to the internet as a gateway to search
business directory and websites in Tebet and surrounding area.
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WIKIPEDIA
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Bangka-Belitung Islands is a province of Indonesia, which includes two main islands, Bangka and Belitung, and several smaller ones that lie from the east of Sumatra to the northeast of South Sumatra province. The Bangka Strait separates Sumatra and Bangka, and the Gaspar Strait separates Bangka and Belitung. The South China Sea is to the north, the Java Sea is to the south, and Borneo to the east is separated from Belitung by the Karimata Strait. The province was formerly part of South Sumatra, but became a separate province along with Banten and Gorontalo in 2000. In 2004 its population was 1,012,655. The capital is Pangkal Pinang. These islands have significant mining (the largest producers of tin in Indonesia). They also produce white pepper CPO etc. Bangka Belitung also has many beaches and smaller islands which have attracted tourists from around the world. The famous beaches are Matras beach, Parai beach, Tanjung Pesona beach, Batu Bedaun beach, Remodong beach, Pasir Padi Beach, Tanjung Kelian Beach, Rebo beach, Telok Uber Beach and many others. Administrative divisions Bangka-Belitung is divided into six regencies (kabupaten) and 1 city (kota): * Bangka (regency
seat: Sungailiat
(town)) |
WIKIPEDIA
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Advertising
Advertisements are seen on the seats of shopping carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses,and are heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are often placed anywhere an audience can easily or frequently access visual, audio and printed information. Organizations that frequently spend large sums of money on advertising that sells what is not, strictly speaking, a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations, and military recruiters. Non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients, and may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as public service announcements. Advertising spending has increased dramatically in recent years. In 2006, spending on advertising has been estimated at $155 billion in the United States and $385 billion worldwide, and the latter to exceed $500 billion by 2010. While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation. Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompei and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BCE.[5] History As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers or town criers to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers. As education became an apparent need and reading,
as well printing developed, advertising expanded to include handbills.
In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers
in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote
books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances
in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought
after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called "quack" advertisements
became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content. As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse is the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney Palmer established a predecessor to advertising agencies in Boston. Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. At the turn of the century, there were few career
choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the
few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in
their household, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's
insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising
to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product.
Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple
with the message "The skin you love to touch". In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups. When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company, the British Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model, creating the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications Commission.[8] To placate the socialists, the U.S. Congress did require commercial broadcasters to operate in the "public interest, convenience, and necessity". Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act which led to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio. In the early 1950s, the DuMont Television Network began the modern trend of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show - up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame. The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern
approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected
messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers' eyes.
The Volkswagen ad campaign—featuring such headlines as "Think
Small" and "Lemon" (which were used to describe the
appearance of the car)—ushered in the era of modern advertising
by promoting a "position" or "unique selling proposition" designed
to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewer's
mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution
and its archetype was William Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary
Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing
American advertising dates to this period. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV Canada. Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the "dot-com" boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising. The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the U.S. in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower—about 2.4 percent. A recent advertising innovation is "guerrilla marketing", which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and "embedded" ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social network services such as MySpace.
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Garden
See traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants such as parsley. Xeriscape gardens use local native plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, arbors, trellises and more. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale). Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients. The term "garden" in British English refers to an enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building. This would be referred to as a yard in American English. Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
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Flower
In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source of food. Flower specialization and pollination Each flower has a specific design which best encourages the transfer of its pollen. Cleistogamous flowers are self pollinated, after which, they may or may not open. Many Viola and some Salvia species are known to have these types of flowers. Entomophilous flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to the next. Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on their various parts that attract these animals. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and color. Still other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Flowers are also specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed precision—of all of the flowers it visits. Anemophilous flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, examples include the grasses, Birch trees, Ragweed and Maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Male and female reproductive organs are generally found in separate flowers, the male flowers having a number of long filaments terminating in exposed stamens, and the female flowers having long, feather-like stigmas. Whereas the pollen of entomophilous flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to insects.
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Wedding
Photography Wedding photography is a major commercial endeavor that supports the bulk of the efforts for many photography studios or independent photographers. History
Until the later half of the 19th century, most people didn’t pose for formal wedding photos during the wedding. Rather they might pose for a formal photo in their best clothes before or after a wedding. In the late 1860s, more couples started posing in their wedding clothes or sometimes hired a photographer to come to the wedding venue. Due to the nature of the bulky equipment and lighting issues, wedding photography was largely a studio practice for most of the late 1800s. Over time, technology improved, but many couples still might only pose for a single wedding portrait. Wedding albums started becoming more commonplace towards the 1880s. By then, the photographer would start including the wedding party in the photographs. Often the wedding gifts would be laid out and recorded in the photographs as well. In the beginning of the 20th century, color photography became available, but color photography was still too unreliable and expensive so most wedding photography was still practiced in black and white. The concept of capturing the wedding "event" came about after the Second World War. Using film roll technology and improved lighting techniques available with the invention of the compact flash bulb, often photographers would simply show up at a wedding and try to sell the photos later. Despite the initial low quality photographs that often resulted, the competition forced the studio photographers to start working on location. Initially, professional studio photographers might bring a lot of bulky equipment, thus limiting their ability to record the entire event. Even candid photos were more often staged after the ceremony. In the 1970s the more modern approach to recording the entire wedding event started evolving into the practice as we know it today. Technology During the film era, photographers favored color negative film and medium-format cameras, especially by Hasselblad. Today, many more weddings are photographed with digital SLR cameras as the digital convenience provides quick detection of lighting mistakes and allows creative approaches to be reviewed immediately. In spite of diminishing film use, some photographers continue to shoot with film as they prefer the film aesthetic, while others are of the opinion that negative film captures more information than digital technology, with less margin for exposure error. Certainly true in some cases, it should be noted that exposure latitude inherent in a camera's native RAW image format (which allows for more under- and over- exposure than JPE) varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. All forms of RAW have a degree of exposure latitude which exceeds slide film - to which digital capture is commonly compared. Currently however, it is fair to say that many professional labs have a greater capacity to provide services in post-production for film compared with digital[citation needed], such as quickly generate adequate prints in the event of some over- or under- exposure. This should change over time, with manufacturers like Kodak announcing a commitment to further develop streamlined services in the area of professional digital lab output. Technology has evolved with the use of remote triggers and flashes. Wedding photographers are now able to take advantage of travelling light and having the ability to use creative lighting.
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